Investigating the nexus between CO₂ emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and pilgrimage tourism in Saudi Arabia

Every year millions of Muslims go to Saudi Arabia fulfil pilgrimage worship, thus is such a religious centre brings with it various consequences. In this context, paper investigates the nexus between CO2 emissions, economic growth, energy consumption and tourism in for period 1968–2017. The dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) fully-modified (FMOLS) methods are employed study. FMOLS results prove that consumption, number pilgrims oil prices have positive effect on emissions GDP has negative it, while DOLS imply only carbon emissions. addition, there unidirectional causality from oil, bidirectional GDP. Therefore, environmental cost inevitable. Reflections visits as belief dealt first time paper. our more specific purpose determine impacts performing pilgrimage, during their worship.